Dr. Dodul Mondal, Principal Director Radiation Oncology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, Delhi
Cancer is no longer a rare disease. With rising cases across the world, almost every family today knows someone affected by cancer. According to global estimates, millions of new cancer cases are diagnosed every year, and the numbers continue to rise steadily. Despite advances in treatment, fear, myths, delayed diagnosis, and lack of awareness still remain major challenges in cancer care.
Cancer is not a single disease but a condition in which cells in the body grow uncontrollably. Normally, cells grow, divide, and die in a balanced manner. Cancer develops when this natural process is disturbed and abnormal cells continue to multiply without control. These cells can form a lump or tumor and may spread to other parts of the body if not treated on time.
One important thing people must understand is that not every tumor is cancerous. Some tumors are benign, meaning they grow slowly and usually remain confined to one place without spreading. Cancerous or malignant tumors, however, can invade nearby tissues and spread to distant organs. This is why any swelling, lump, or unusual symptom should never be ignored. Early medical evaluation is essential.
Several factors can increase the risk of developing cancer. One of the biggest contributors is tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco products such as gutka, khaini, and zarda. Tobacco is strongly linked to cancers of the mouth, throat, lungs, and food pipe. Excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, prolonged sun exposure, environmental pollution, and certain infections can also increase cancer risk.
Family history also plays an important role in some cancers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, and uterine cancer. Having a close family member with cancer does not mean a person will definitely develop the disease, but it may increase the risk. In such situations, timely counselling and regular screening become important.
Lifestyle choices significantly influence cancer risk. A diet rich in processed and junk food, combined with physical inactivity, can contribute to obesity and increase the chances of developing certain cancers. On the other hand, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, eating fresh fruits and vegetables, and avoiding tobacco can help lower the risk substantially.
Cancer symptoms can vary depending on the organ involved, but there are certain warning signs people should pay attention to. Persistent lumps or swelling, unexplained weight loss, unusual bleeding, long-standing cough, difficulty swallowing, changes in bowel or bladder habits, non-healing ulcers, or changes in moles should always be medically evaluated. Early-stage cancers often produce mild symptoms, which is why people tend to ignore them until the disease progresses.
Diagnosis of cancer involves several tests, but biopsy remains the most important and confirmatory investigation. In a biopsy, a small tissue sample is taken from the suspected area and examined under a microscope. Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, PET scans, and blood investigations may also be required to determine the extent of the disease and plan appropriate treatment.
Cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the years. Depending on the type and stage of cancer, treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Modern cancer care is highly personalised, and treatment decisions are usually taken by a multidisciplinary team of specialists.
Many people panic when they hear terms like “Stage IV” or “advanced cancer.” However, advanced cancer does not always mean there is no hope. With modern therapies, many patients continue to live longer and maintain a good quality of life. Early diagnosis, proper staging, and timely treatment play a major role in improving outcomes.
Awareness remains one of the strongest weapons against cancer. Ignoring symptoms, relying on unqualified practitioners, or delaying medical consultation can reduce treatment success. Any persistent symptom or unexplained lump should be assessed by a qualified medical professional or cancer specialist.
Cancer care today is far more advanced than before, and many cancers are treatable or even curable if detected early. The focus should not only be on treatment but also on prevention, healthy lifestyle choices, regular screening, and timely medical attention. Early action can save lives.
