KK Paul
All of us are aware from the days of our childhood that the highest mountain peak in the world is Mount Everest and it was named after George Everest. It was only much later that one came to know that Sir George Everest was the Surveyor-General of India and the peak was so named as he had “discovered” it to be the highest in the world. As the Surveyor-General he had his offices at Dehradun and used to stay in Mussoorie. He left India in 1843, almost 200 years ago, but his house in Mussoorie is still being preserved and is now a place of tourist interest.
The truth, however, is somewhat different. It is indeed a fact that Sir George Everest was the Surveyor-General of India from 1830 to 1843, but it is also a fact that during his tenure, Mount Everest, as we know it today, was known only as peak XV. Everest had neither initiated the process of measuring the height of this peak, nor was he instrumental in its naming, which was done much later, long after he had proceeded to England, to enjoy his retirement after 1843.
Located on the border of Nepal and Tibet, peak XV was worshipped as a holy place by Tibetans, who called it Chomolungma, the mother goddess of the world. In Nepal this peak is known as Sagarmatha, meaning the peak of the heavens. Even these days this peak is addressed by its traditional names both in Tibet and Nepal, while we have followed what was given to us by the British i.e. Mount Everest. In fact the name Everest was given by Colonel Sir Andrew Waugh of Bengal Engineers, who succeeded Everest as the Surveyor-General of India from 1844 to 1861. The circumstances under which peak XV was named as Mount Everest are rather peculiar and reveal a very biased handling of the matter so that the entire credit went to the British officers of the East India Company.
Going through the historical records of the Survey of India Volume IV, 1830 to 1843, pertaining to the tenure of Everest, one can at a glance observe that he had shown no interest in peak XV during this time in office. It was his successor Andrew Waugh, who made the official announcement of peak XV being the highest-known peak of the world in 1856. The measurements had of course been initiated much earlier and finalised by our own Radhanath Sikdar.
Recognising the work of the brilliant mathematician Radhanath Sikdar, the Government of India issued a postage stamp in his honour in 2004. However, his work is of such great importance that issuing a postage stamp and then forgetting about him does not do justice to him or his contribution. Ironically, it was Everest, who recruited Sikdar in the Great Trigonometrical Survey and became extremely fond of him. Volume IV of the Historical Records of the Survey of India, pertaining to his tenure, has the following mention about Sikdar.
“Radhanath is high in favour with everybody, and universally beloved in the GT Survey. You will not know him for the same person when you see him again, for he is no longer a puny stripling, but a hardy, energetic young man, ready to undergo any fatigue and acquire a practical knowledge of all parts of his profession…
“There are few of my instruments which he cannot manage; and none of my computations of which he is not thoroughly master… Eventually he will furnish a convincing proof that the aptitude of your countrymen for the practical, as well as the theoretical, parts of mathematics is in no wise inferior to that of Europeans.”
“Of the qualifications of the young man himself I cannot speak too highly. In his mathematical attainments there are few in India, whether European or Native, who can at all compete with him, and…even in Europe those attainments would rank very high.”
Later, on account of a special technique developed by Sikdar for accurate computation of heights and distances through spherical trigonometry, he virtually became indispensable to the organisation and rose to become the Chief Computer in the office of the Surveyor-General of India. In that position he moved from Dehradun to Kolkata in 1849. As to why Andrew Waugh gave the name Everest, even though he had left the scene long ago, is an interesting piece of history.
Had Sidney Gerald Burrard, a later Surveyor-General of India, not acknowledged the good work of Sikdar through a research paper published in 1904 in the scientific journal Nature, these facts would not have come to light. He published in detail various steps taken for the measurement of peak XV.
This, in a way, also exposed the machinations of Waugh, who had tried his level best to take credit away from Sikdar. It is human nature that, in case something important is achieved, one tries to take or give credit to someone but in this case Waugh specifically mentioned that Sikdar had nothing to do with this work, indicating his bias.
Later, he could be seen placating Sikdar by telling him that he should be happy that the peak had been named after his mentor. Waugh also gave the additional charge of the Indian Meteorological Department to Sikdar, raising his salary to Rs 600 per month, which was unheard for an Indian in those days. Clearly all these efforts were to keep him happy but away from the core of the survey work.
Burrard's publication in Nature specifically mentions that the Chief Computer (who was Sikdar) from Kolkata (then Calcutta) had informed Waugh in 1852 that the peak designated XV had been found to be higher than any other highest measured peak in the world at that time.
The raw data from theodolites taken from seven observation stations at Jirol, Mirzapur, Janjpati, Ladiva, Haripur, Minai and Doom Dongi was collected at the trigonometrical survey at Kolkata. This was processed by Sikdar who then conveyed to Waugh that peak XV had been measured at 29,002 feet taking the mean value of all the observations. Considering that the scientific instrumentation available at that time was only of a rudimentary nature, the level of accuracy reached was almost 100 per cent and this figure has not undergone any major change despite the current state of technological progress.
Significantly, after years of debate, China and Nepal recently agreed on a precise elevation for Mount Everest. The new agreed height of 29,031 feet was announced at a virtual ceremony. Such a minuscule change in the height of the peak despite the sophisticated technology used is a great proof of Sikdar's excellence.
Correspondence between Waugh and Sikdar reveals that Waugh did privately acknowledge the achievement of Sikdar, but did not recognise his work on record and in public. In his letter dated August 25, 1856, Waugh wrote to Sikdar that he was glad to hear that naming the peak as Everest had given the latter a lot of satisfaction. Thus it is clear that the name Everest was given to ensure that Sikdar, who could have been the rightful claimant for credit, did not object as he was extremely fond of Everest who had recruited him in service. This information would have remained obscure, but for the research paper of Burrard in 1904. Later, Professor Meghnad Saha acknowledged this feat in 1938 by giving Sikdar full credit. Earlier Kenneth Mason in 1928 had recognised his work as also John Keay in his book, The Great Arc.
Changing the name of Mount Everest to Mount Sikdar Everest will perhaps do full justice to Sikdar and give him worldwide recognition which was legitimately his due, long time ago. We do not have to seek anybody's approval for such a change as the rationale is well-documented. Even if the world continues to call it Everest, in India, we could still call it Sikdar Everest.
On several occasions, achievements of Indian scientists have not been recognised. For instance, Sir JC Bose could have got the Nobel Prize for Physics or at least shared it with Marconi for his work on the wireless and radio.
SN Bose could have got the Nobel Prize way back in 1932 for his work with Einstein on the Bose-Einstein condensate but at least he was recognised, though belatedly by the naming of the God particle, Higgs-Boson after him. Naming Everest as Sikdar Everest would be a recognition of a scientist whose work has stood the test of time. Besides it would also justifiably add to our national pride.
(The writer is a former Police Commissioner and ex-Governor of Uttarakhand. The views expressed are personal.)
